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印度政府審查實時空氣污染數(shù)據(jù)
NEW DELHI — This megacity’s modest
effort to warn residents about unhealthy spikes in air pollution levels in real
time may soon end, after a decision to first send the data to be authenticated
by the central government.
新德里——這座特大城市采取了一些頗為保守的舉動，空氣污染水平飆升到影響健康的水平時，實時向居民發(fā)出警告。但這一舉措可能很快就要走到盡頭了，因為當(dāng)局決定，要先將數(shù)據(jù)發(fā)給中央政府進行核實。
Some experts and activists immediately questioned the need for such checks,
accusing the government of trying to hide — or worse, alter — data that show
Delhi’s air to be the world’s most toxic at a time when Prime Minister Narendra
Modi is pushing for greater industrialization. Recent high readings, in many
cases exceeding Beijing’s pollution readings, have alarmed the city’s Indian
elites and expatriate community.
一些專家和活動人士立即對進行這種檢查的必要性表示了質(zhì)疑，指責(zé)政府試圖隱瞞——甚至篡改——數(shù)據(jù)。相關(guān)數(shù)據(jù)顯示，當(dāng)前在總理納倫德拉·莫迪(Narendra Modi)推動進一步工業(yè)化之際，德里的空氣是全世界污染最嚴(yán)重的。最近居高不下的讀數(shù)多次超過北京的污染數(shù)據(jù)，引起了該市的印度精英和外籍人士的警覺。
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Although the government says it will release the checked data daily, at least
one official questioned whether that would happen consistently. Any delay in the
release of the information deprives people of the opportunity to protect
themselves against bad air by limiting their time outdoors.
盡管政府表示將每日發(fā)布核查后的數(shù)據(jù)，但至少一名官員質(zhì)疑這一安排能否始終如一地執(zhí)行。信息發(fā)布過程中的任何延誤，都會影響人們減少戶外活動，進而保護自己不受糟糕空氣危害的機會。
Five officials contacted by telephone on Wednesday refused to answer questions
about the new policy.
記者周三通過電話聯(lián)系到的五名官員，均拒絕回答關(guān)于這一新政策的問題。
A statement issued on Tuesday by India’s environment ministry said, “The unified
system, expected to be in position in maximum two weeks’ time, will ensure
authentic air quality information of Delhi to public at large.” The change is
intended to ensure that the many government departments monitoring Delhi’s air
“follow a uniform scientific calibration protocol and validation process.”
印度負(fù)責(zé)環(huán)境事務(wù)的部門周二發(fā)表聲明稱，“統(tǒng)一的系統(tǒng)預(yù)計最多兩周后即可就位，該系統(tǒng)將確保全體民眾獲得德里空氣質(zhì)量的真實信息?！边@一變化旨在確保，監(jiān)測德里空氣的許多政府部門“遵循統(tǒng)一的校準(zhǔn)規(guī)范和驗證程序”。
But B. Kumar, who retired in 2013 as an official of the Delhi pollution
committee and who helped create the present monitoring method, said on Wednesday
that the system had worked well.
但曾參與創(chuàng)建當(dāng)前監(jiān)測手段的B·庫馬爾(B. Kumar)周三表示，該系統(tǒng)一直運行良好。他曾在德里污染委員會供職，已于2013年退休。
“It’s totally automatic, and the data is transferred directly from the machines
to the website, so there’s nothing to authenticate,” said Mr. Kumar, who like
many Indians uses an initial for his first name. “If they feel there is a
problem, they could just check the equipment and see what needs to be solved.”
“完全是自動的，數(shù)據(jù)直接從機器傳輸?shù)骄W(wǎng)站上，所以沒什么可驗證的，”庫馬爾說。“如果覺得存在問題，他們只需檢查設(shè)備，看需要解決什么問題。”和很多印度人一樣，他用首字母代替自己的名字。
The new policy requires that Delhi’s data be sent for authentication to the
Central Pollution Control Board, overseen by the national government, Mr. Kumar
said.
庫馬爾稱，新政策要求將德里的數(shù)據(jù)發(fā)送給中央政府領(lǐng)導(dǎo)下的中央污染控制管理委員會(Central Pollution Control Board)，進行驗證。
“They just don’t want people to see the actual data,” Mr. Kumar said.
“他們就是不想讓公眾看到真實的數(shù)據(jù)，”庫馬爾說。
Mr. Kumar said no one works at the central board at night or on weekends, which
he said would result in long delays before the information was made public.
庫馬爾說，中央委員會在夜間和周末都沒人值班，這會導(dǎo)致信息發(fā)布的嚴(yán)重滯后。
Sarath Guttikunda, director of Urban Emissions, an independent research group
based in Delhi, also criticized the government’s decision, saying that instead
of taking measures to improve Delhi’s air, officials are trying to suppress
information about it.
設(shè)在德里的獨立研究機構(gòu)“城市排放”(Urban Emissions)的負(fù)責(zé)人薩拉斯·古提昆塔(Sarath Guttikunda)，也譴責(zé)了政府的這一決定。他說，政府不僅沒有采取措施改善德里的空氣質(zhì)量，還試圖封鎖相關(guān)的信息。
The city’s data is “not that reliable to begin with,” Dr. Guttikunda said. “And
blocking that data from coming out in real time and somehow correcting it in
some back office will only make it even more unreliable.”
這座城市的數(shù)據(jù)“本來就不那么可靠”，古提昆塔博士說?！白柚箶?shù)據(jù)實時發(fā)布、在某個幕后的辦公室進行修改，只會讓它更加不可靠?！?br>
Among the existing problems, Dr. Guttikunda said, are frequent, unexplained gaps
in the data.
古提昆塔說，目前的問題包括，經(jīng)常出現(xiàn)不明原因的數(shù)據(jù)空白。
During a visit in January by President Obama, India signed an agreement that
would bring to the country a system called AirNow, which is used in the United
States to measure and quickly disseminate data about air quality. The United
States Embassy in Delhi publishes information on its website from an air monitor
on embassy grounds, although the data is averaged over a 24-hour period and does
not provide a good snapshot of the air quality at any given moment.
奧巴馬總統(tǒng)1月訪問印度期間簽署了一份協(xié)議，在印度引進了一種叫做Airnow的系統(tǒng)。這一系統(tǒng)在美國被用來測量并快速分析空氣質(zhì)量數(shù)據(jù)。德里的美國大使館在其網(wǎng)站上發(fā)布使館空氣檢測器獲得的信息。不過，它發(fā)布的數(shù)據(jù)是24小時內(nèi)的平均值，不能良好地反映某個給定時刻的空氣質(zhì)量。
An estimated 1.5 million people die annually in India, about one-sixth of all
Indian deaths, as a result of outdoor and indoor air pollution, a problem caused
in part by the widespread use of cow dung as cooking fuel.
印度每年約有150萬人死于室外和室內(nèi)的空氣污染，占全部死亡人數(shù)的約六分之一。室內(nèi)空氣污染的一個原因是，印度普遍使用牛糞作為做飯的燃料。
The country has the world’s highest death rate from chronic respiratory
diseases, and more deaths from asthma than any other nation, according to the
World Health Organization. Air pollution also contributes to both chronic and
acute heart disease, the leading cause of death in India.
世界衛(wèi)生組織稱，這個國家由慢性呼吸系統(tǒng)疾病導(dǎo)致的死亡人數(shù)居世界首位，哮喘導(dǎo)致的死亡人數(shù)也高于其他國家。空氣污染還會促成慢性和急性心臟病，這是印度人的主要死亡原因。
“People have the right to know whether the day’s air quality is good enough to
go outside,” said Dr. Sundeep Salvi, director of the Chest Research Foundation
in Pune. “If they don’t trust their monitors to provide good data, they should
get new monitors. What they shouldn’t do is stop releasing the data.”
“人們有權(quán)知道外面的空氣是否好到可以到戶外活動，”浦那胸科研究基金會(Chest Research Foundation)的主任桑蒂普·薩爾維(Sundeep
Salvi)說，“如果他們不信任自己的監(jiān)測設(shè)備能提供準(zhǔn)確的數(shù)據(jù)，就應(yīng)該采用新的監(jiān)測設(shè)備，而不是停止發(fā)布數(shù)據(jù)?！毕Ｄ釥柗g公司
2015-03-04
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